Animal requirements for specific nutrients. Feeding more cattle each year has not been factored in to the calculation).1. Convenient for anywhere & anytime to formulate and balance your feed recipes.Livestock keeping in all its ventures is a major source of incomes all over Kenya, from the most productive to nearly desert areas, and for all livestock keepers livestock feeding and nutrition is a major concern.The Trusted Choice Cattle Feeding. With Feed Pro you can: Fast and accurate feed formulation software. Feed Pro is an iOS application that allows you to Formulate Animal Feed on your iPad in order to meet nutrient requirements of the animals as well as meet feed production competitive advantage.
Laws of all kinds of wild animals, mammals, birds, fish, insects, reptiles and amphibians.Inadequate nutrition is a major cause of low live-weight gains, infertility and low milk yields and other health issues in cattle.Also pig, chicken, dairy goat and many other livestock keepers have expressed challenges in feeding their animals optimally. If they crawl, fly, swim, slide, walk, run or leap, wild animals rely on their instincts. Animal feed formulation economic and computer applications. 1.Animal feed formulation app. The basic steps in ration formulation are outlined here and will be covered in more detail in lecture. This information can be found in NRC publications on nutrient requirements of goats and other animal species.
Cattle and goats, being ruminants, are better equipped to digest crude fibre than pigs or chickens. The composition of feeds in a ration depends on the type of animals being fed and their stage of production. For cattle it must contain a certain structure to keep the stomach healthy, and for all animals it must contain dry matter, various groups of nutrients, minerals and trace-elements and should not be mouldy or mixed with dirt and soil nor contain poisonous ingredients (for example pesticides or herbicides on crop residues). The feed nutrientsAnimal feed needs to meet the requirements of the animal.
Excess protein is converted to urea and fat Without protein there would be no body weight gain nor milk production. Protein is needed for body building (growth) and maintenance as well as milk production. The carbohydrates and fats not needed for production are converted to fat and stored in the body. Energy (from carbohydrates and fats) to maintain the body and produce (milk, meat, work).
For instance fresh sugarcane forage has a gross energy content of 18.2 MJ per kg of dry matter (DM). All feeds contain energy: the gross energy (GE) that is the energy that is available when the feed is burned. Water helps all over in body building, heat regulation, biological processes as well as a large constituent of milk production as well as eggs.Only parts of the nutrients in feeds are available for the animal. Vitamins help regulate the biological processes in the body and become a source of nutrients in milk They are also a major source of nutrients in milk.
The remaining energy is called metabolizable energy (ME). Especially ruminants loose part of the energy in methane gas while in non-ruminants this is a minor loss. Pigs are able to digest only 37% of all energy in sugarcane forage, so the digestible energy for pigs is only 6.7 MJ/kg DM, much lower than that for cattle.From the digestible energy part cannot be used by the animal but is lost as methane gas or in urine. Cattle can digest sugarcane forage for 68% (the rest is lost in the faeces): the digestible energy (DE) for cattle is 11.3 MJ/kg DM.
With limited information about feeds it is best to use a system based on Metabolizable Energy or on a DE system, e.g. It is a compromise between the costs of research and analysis and the benefits of using a very sophisticated feed system. The feed system used is mainly determined by the available information from feedstuffs and animals and the wish to be more or less precise. In some countries the net energy (NE) system is used, in other countries the digestible energy (DE) or metabolizable energy (ME) system is used. If energy of feeds is given in metabolizable energy, the requirements of animals should be stated in ME to be able to calculate rations.
Walking and feeding.Gross energy (GE) The feed is comprised of chemical ingredients which are broadly classified as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins. The work done include both metabolic (heat increment and maintenance) and physical e.g. When comparing feeds (for example to compare prices of energy) it is more convenient to use the energy per kg of dry matter.Basically, feed organic nutrients are required by the animals for three things: These are:(i) use as materials for the construction of body tissues (growth and maintenance)(ii) synthesis of products such as milk and eggs(iii) use as sources of energy for work done. For ration calculations the energy in the product is used. The energy value can be given in the dry matter or in the product (as fed). Metabolisable energy basically means that part of the feed which the animal is able to utilize.The unit of energy is the joule of which one million units (1 000 000 joule) is referred as Megajoule (MJ).
Some energy is lost from the animal though excretions: it is fixed in the feed in a way the animal cannot reach it. Most of the common feeds have energy content of about 18.5 MJ/kg DM.Digestible energy (DE) Not all the gross energy in consumed feed is available and useful to the animal. This is referred to as gross energy. For this reason, methods have been developed to measure the quantity of chemical energy present in a feed by determining the amount of heat generated from complete burning a known quantity.
Animals are continuously producing heat and losing it to their surroundings, either directly through radiation, conduction and convection or indirectly through water evaporation from the body. Loss of energy through methane (a combustible global warming gas) can be substantial, particularly from ruminants hence can be of serious nutritive and environmental consequence.Heat increment (HI) The ingestion of feed by an animal is also followed by losses of energy not only as the chemical energy excreta and gases produced but also as heat. Metabolizable energy is what remains after subtraction of energy lost from urine and combustible gases resulting from the digestible energy of a feed. From these digestible nutrients the Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) can be calculated.Metabolizable energy (ME) The animal further loses energy containing-substances through excretion of urine and production of gases during metabolic processes. The DE represents the energy content of the digested nutrients.
Energy lost in this manner is referred to as Heat increment.Net energy (NE) The deduction of the HI of a feed from its ME gives the Net energy, which is the energy available to the animal for useful purposes such as body maintenance and various forms of production (milk, meat, eggs, wool and labour).Energy is the fuel that keeps all body functions working. Unless the animal is in a particularly cold environment, this heat energy is of no value to it, and must be considered, like the energy of the excreta, as a tax on the energy of the feed. For instance, the act of eating, which includes chewing, swallowing and secretion of saliva, requires muscular activity and this generates heat.
Cows that are too fat at calving usually have difficult births, often have problems with retained placenta, displaced abomasums and may suffer from milk fever and ketosis. If there is excess energy in the ration, the animals becomes too fat. If energy in the ration is not enough, the animal will lose body condition and for milking cows, milk yield will drop, pregnant cows become ill after calving and the calf will usually be small in size.
For this reason, supplementing roughage diets with feeds high in readily available energy is often recommended. On the other hand high yielding animals may not have enough capacity to consume the amount of roughage required to meet the energy requirement due to limitation of stomach size. Ruminating animals (cattle, goats, sheep) need a certain amount of crude fibre to keep a healthy stomach system. Generally feedstuffs with more than 18% crude fibre and low digestibility are considered as roughages. They can have a high moisture content (grass).
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